International Agreement of two companies Coursework

International Agreement of two companies - Coursework Example The decision of arbitrator is binding and easy to implement. CheapStock Corporation and George Limited are engaged in an agreement for five years. According to the contract, the involved parties should ask for arbitrator’s involvement if there is some dispute or disagreement. George Limited soon after a year wanted the termination of the agreement, which is regarded as a violation of the agreement by CheapStock due to which, suitable arbitration process is required. This paper includes a number of laws related to breach, termination of agreement and arbitration. Basis of Arbitration Arbitration is consensual: Arbitration process can be implementable if both parties agreed on it. In order to resolve the issues through arbitration, the parties at the time of agreement includes arbitration clause in it. The parties in disputes may refer the matter to arbitrator by submission of agreement executed between them. No one can withdraw from arbitration unilaterally1. The parties choose the arbitrator: Under the Arbitration rules parties can chose sole arbitrator to settle the disputes. Arbitration is neutral: The applicable law, language and venue of the arbitration is utmost important. Arbitration is a confidential procedure: In specific circumstances, the Rules empower a party to restrict access to its trade secrets or other confidential information to the arbitral tribunal or its advisor. The decision of the arbitral tribunal is final and legally enforceable by both sides2. Merits and Demerits of Arbitration Merits of arbitration are a) if the disputed matter is highly technical, arbitrators should have an expertise to deliver b) it is faster than the court proceedings c) cheaper and flexible d) its proceedings can be made confidential e) here language of arbitration can be chosen, whereas in judicial proceedings it cannot be chosen f) easily enforceable g) it limits the duration of the dispute and associated liability3. Demerits of arbitration are i) highly c omplex ii) in case arbitration is mandatory and binding, the parties deprive their rights to access the courts iii) ambiguous decisions cannot be reverted since limited scope for an appeal iv) fewer enforcement options than judgments in other legal systems v) not directly enforceable4. Arbitration Agreement In theoretical terms, it is a consensual process duly agreed by both the parties to comply with. Such sorts of agreement can be categorized as: a) if a dispute arises; it can be resolved through arbitrator b) submission agreements are those that signed after a dispute has arisen5. In the common wealth countries, the earlier is considered suitable. In the cited countries, each executor has to bear the cost in conventional arbitration and not in submission agreement. The law accepts validity of arbitration clauses in spite of its language not linked with legal contracts. Those clauses are: a) English law is applicable if venue arbitration is London b) suitability of clause c) if it is in line with the ICC Rules in London6. The competent court of law respect the clauses to resolve the disputes provided i) arbitrator should take into account the principles of practical business ii) globally acclaimed principles of law governing

Wal-Marts Unethical Behavior Essay Example for Free

Wal-Marts Unethical Behavior Essay For the past few decades Wal-Mart has been criticized and accused for being involved with all sorts of unethical behavior. Many various groups of people have come after Wal-Mart protesting against their company’s policies and business practices. Labor, community, environmental, and religious groups are some of the most known types of groups that have tried to personally attack Wal-Mart for their lack of social responsibility. Just some of the many areas that have raised concern by people would be the corporation’s foreign product sourcing, environmental practices, the use of public subsidies, and the treatment of employees and product suppliers. Wal-Mart continues to deny any allegations of wrongdoings and unethical behavior (Fishman). Many stories have surfaced that would label Wal-Mart as being an unethical company. Some stories are big, some are small, and some are probably completely made up. However, there is a lot of evidence that shows how unethical Wal-Mart has been in many different types of circumstances. Prior to 2007 it was estimated that 87,000 Wal-Mart employees were cheated out of $34 million because the Wal-Mart executives failed to pay workers overtime. Some even admitted that they were trained by their superiors to not pay anyone overtime. This is a very immoral act because the workers are not getting paid what they deserve and this makes it harder for them to pay for their living expenses (Fishman). Wal-Mart has had over 100 lawsuits concerning wage and hour violations. They have been charged with not giving workers federally mandated breaks and lunches. They have also required workers to take their missed breaks or overtime before the Friday’s end of the pay period, which is an illegal act. Wal-Mart has been accused for not paying full-time benefits for workers who work 40 hours or more per week. In 2005 in the state of California, Wal-Mart was forced to pay $172 million in damages. There has been several cases of where Wal-Mart has had to pay many millions of dollars for employee damages. The ethical issue in this case would be fairness. All employees should be granted what they deserve and what they were promised (Greenhouse). Wal-Mart does not pay many of their employees enough money to support their family or even have health care. They pay 26-37% less than the national average for the same jobs in the retail industry. Wal-Mart pays poverty level wages and this is very unethical because they make such huge profits that can allow them to pay decent living wages. Wal-Mart profits more by using State Governments to fund health care for its employees which is not fair to their competitors or the society (Olsson). Wal-Mart has the worst health packages when compared with their competitors. For example they cover only about 50% of their employees while the national average for major retailers is around 64%. Wal-Mart employees have to wait for 6 months to get health insurance compared to the national average of 3 months. They even charge extra for emergency room visits and ambulance usage. Also, employees with pre-existing conditions have to wait at least one year to receive any treatment. Instead of trying to give their employees the bare minimum, Wal-Mart should readjust their prices and salaries so that enough money would go towards things like basic health care (Fishman). Thorough studies have been done as well as many court cases that prove that Wal-Mart discriminates against women by not paying them as much as their male counterparts. It is also much rarer for women to be promoted to upper management than it is a male. A 2003 study was done that showed that women received 37 cents an hour less than the men that held the same position. Female managers earn about $5,000 less than male managers. Even though 72% of Wal-Mart’s workforce consists of women they still only make up 33% of all managers. Jon Lehman who is a former Wal-Mart store manager said that most of the superiors believed that women are useless at Wal-Mart. An African American woman asked a superior if she wasn’t promoted to management because she was a woman or because she was black and the superior replied that two out of two isn’t bad. Not only is this against the law, but it is very immoral as well as discriminatory (Norman). Just one audit of one week’s worth of time clock records at one specific Wal-Mart showed that minors were working too late at night, during school hours, and were working too many hours a day. It also found more than 60,000 cases of minors not taking breaks and even more cases of minors working through meal times. This is unethical because minors should be focusing on school and not working too many hours at Wal-Mart. A Wal-Mart in CT was given huge violations for having minors working with machinery such as paper balers, chainsaws, and forklifts. Children are not at the age of consent to operate such machinery in any fashion. Horrific incidences were discovered in a Wal-Mart factory in Bangladesh where children were routinely beaten, forced to work overtime for little or no pay, and were told to lie about their age (Greenhouse). In China, workers are treated more like slaves than people. They are treated as tools to get the work done as quickly and cheaply as possible. They are taught to lie to inspectors and auditors about the amount of time they work and the working conditions that they endure (Greenhouse). They were told that if they didn’t lie then they would lose their job. Wal-Mart pays only 18 cents for a product that is made in China that they charge $14.96 for in America. It was reported that a Wal-Mart supplier factory employed minors as young as 12 working them for excessive overtime hours and for under minimum wage. They were also working with chemicals without any protective gear. All human beings should be treated with a certain level of respect regardless of age or ethnicity. Wal-Mart should improve their working conditions and remedy all situations of unethical behavior especially towards those who are under age and not supposed to be working in the first place (Fishman). Wal-Mart claims to care about the environment, but they actually harm the environment. They lied about having an environmental person dedicated to these issues and they don’t actually have an environmentally friendly policy in place. Wal-Mart shows to have more of an avoidance towards their harming of the environment. They have been known to put chemicals into the environment that can cause birth defects as well as storing fertilizers in parking lots unprotected. Wal-Mart has seemed to continue to ignore the idea of better storage for certain products and necessary environmental policies. Over a few years span Wal-Mart has had to shell out millions of dollars to pay for Clean Water Act violations (Olsson). Wal-Mart has received billions of dollars in subsidies to set up shop nationwide as well as some other countries. Wal-Mart is so profitable that it does not need to receive money from anyone. If Wal-Mart was a community conscious organization then they wouldn’t need any money from cities, states, or communities. They often set up their stores on the outskirts of town so they can receive free plumbing, however other companies and citizens have to pay for such utilities themselves when they’re in the same situation (Bianco). Sam Walton was known for practicing corporate socialism. He sought out free land, long term leases at prices below market, getting workers trained at the government’s expense, and even pocketing sales taxes. He also had a $37 million ramp and roadway constructed for Wal-Mart’s corporate headquarters in Arizona which the State paid for (Fishman). The government’s money that is going to Wal-Mart could be going towards things such as education and building our youth. They are a very selfish organization that strives to get bigger individually and have complete disregard for everyone else. There was a case in Denver where three schools ended up closing because there was not enough money to keep them open, however around that same time period Wal-Mart received $2 million. It is very unethical and not abiding by free market policies to give such a huge store like Wal-Mart such a competitive advantage when the mom and pop stores continue to go out of business (Bianco). By being such an unethical company Wal-Mart is putting smaller, trustworthy businesses out of business. Since they pay very low wages and receive money from states and governments, they can charge such a cheap price which in return puts those smaller businesses that have to charge slightly more for the same products out of business. It is just plain wrong how Wal-Mart treats everyone that is involved with their organization and the competitors. They don’t care about the economy or the environment; they only care about how much money they can collect. It is estimated that Wal-Mart’s trade deficit with China eliminated 200,000 U.S. jobs between 2001 and 2006 (Olsson). If Wal-Mart was its own nation then it would be China’s eighth largest trading partner. Wal-Mart is able to have such cheap goods because the safety standards are lower in China which in return puts the American consumer at risk. This is very unethical because Wal-Mart is risking their consumer’s health by trying to maximize their own profits. By offering such low prices, Wal-Mart is putting other companies out of business that actually sell quality products that are safe to the consumer (Bianco). Wal-Mart has hundreds of cameras and security guards inside their stores to protect their own merchandise, but it’s a completely different story when it comes to the type of security that is present in the parking lots or outside of the stores. There has been so many shootings, carjackings, and muggings in Wal-Mart parking lots that many local police departments have asked Wal-Mart to hire on site security guards to help protect against such behavior. However, for the most part Wal-Mart has failed to do so. Wal-Mart has known of these types of issues in their parking lots, but have continued to turn their heads in the opposite direction (Norman). When Wal-Mart plans for new store locations, there are many activists and groups of people that oppose and try to protest the construction of the new store. Wal-Mart tends to ignore issues such as traffic congestion, potential environmental problems, public safety, and bad public relations. In 2004 Wal-Mart opened a store in Mexico just over a mile from the historic Teotihuacan archaeological site and the Pyramid of the moon. This caused a lot of protests with the locals because they thought this was a very disrespectful notion. By building a Wal-Mart in such a symbolic area it was seen by many as placing one of the main culprits of globalization in the heart of ancient Mexico (Fishman). In 1998 Wal-Mart wanted to open a store in Nashville, Tennessee right on top of Native American burial grounds and where a Civil War battle took place. Protests took place, however Wal-Mart won the battle and ended up moving the graves so they could construct the new store. If this isn’t immoral and disrespectful then I don’t know what is. I would have to think that there would be other locations where they could have opened the store. It almost seems as if Wal-Mart likes to show their power in any way possible (Norman). Wal-Mart cannot justify all the wrong that they have done to many people and communities by simply offering and continuing to express their low prices. Money may make the world go around, but it won’t save the world. People’s actions is what will make this world a better place to live in. Sacrificing the environment and human rights is simply immoral and unethical just so one major monopolistic organization can continue to offer the lowest prices possible. Wal-Mart needs to be held accountable for all of their actions regardless of the amount of money they produce. It is very difficult to monitor and control such a huge companies actions and to try and stop them from being completely unethical. The outcome of their unethical behavior has been many lawsuits and they just continue to surface. Wal-Mart has such a huge profit that these lawsuits do not stop them from being unethical (Bianco). Hopefully Wal-Mart’s unethical behavior will eventually catch up with them. Wal-Mart superiors at the corporate level should understand that unethical behavior eventually turns around to bite you but they continue to ignore the issues. It will take many years to completely resolve the type of unethical behavior that is allowed but steps need to be taken to reach that sort of goal. A complete restructuring of the company and those in charge may be necessary to cleanse the unethical behavior. The right people and policies must be in place from top-down to every Wal-Mart store across the entire world. Once they realize all the issues and feel the need to correct them, then they can look forward to the future in a positive and ethical way that will benefit everybody involved. References Bianco, Anthony; Zellner, Wendy. Is Walmart Too Powerful? Business Week. 2003. Fishman, Charles. The Walmart You Don’t Know. Fast Company. 2003. Greenhouse, Steven. In-House Audit Says Walmart Violated Labor Laws. The New York Times. 2004. Norman, Al. The Case Against Wal-Mart. Raphel Marketing. ISBN 0-9711542-3-6. 2004. Olsson, Karen. Up Against Walmart. Mother Jones. 2003

A Piece of Eden :: Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

A Piece of Eden Cal Poly Swine Unit sits atop a hill at the end of Sports Complex road on fifteen acres of Cal Poly land that stretches along the railroad tracks, past the baseball and softball diamonds, the intramural soccer field for miles, and the rodeo arena where cowboys and cowgirls on horseback lasso and barrel race. The grounds of the swine unit looks like a piece of Eden. Fruit trees grow on a patch of cool green grass, and a pond that attracts birds and vegetation and is used for irrigation and sanitation purposes. The pond is there to recycle the runoff water and house the waste created by the pigs. Ducks love the reservoir because of the manure, plants and bugs it attracts. The pig barns surround this little oasis in a semicircle and house between twenty and thirty sows (females) and three boars (males). The barns look ancient on the outside, but inside they boast state of the art technology and equipment for feeding and caring for the swine. This technology is used by studen ts who are involved in the department of Animal Science to take care of the pigs. The Cal Poly Swine Unit was created to provide a â€Å"hands on, learn by doing† way of studying and raising pigs for the purposes of breeding, showing, and for meat sales. Within this program, students are taught management skills in the healthcare, reproduction, nutrition, and marketing of pigs. The students are trained to manage the farm from start to finish so they can prepare for a career in the livestock industry. Non-animal science students are welcomed to get involved with the swine department by raising a pig for show and/or meat sales as an extra source of income. Students in the swine department of animal science are required to take two introductory courses. The first is ASCI 222: systems of swine production. This class teaches students about the husbandry systems, management skills, feeding methods, evaluation of brood stock and progeny (breeding), and health management. The second is ASCI 350: applied nutrition. This course covers meat production, consumption patterns of the pigs, and feeding management in the commercial raising of swine. These specialized courses have given Cal Poly the reputation of having one of the best animal science departments in the nation.

DMC Review Papers Essay

As Mr. Grant, CEO of DMC has realized, the current growth strategy of the company is insufficient. DMC needs to identify their primary business problems and prepare a new or revised strategy with alternative tactics to address it. Even though DMC had grown to become a multi-billion dollar company and consistently ranked in the top five in their industry, DMC’s returns between 2008 and 2012 showed great profits and loss swings unpredictably. These ranged from a net income loss of $1.5 billion in 2008, $1.9 billion in 2009, to a profit of $1.9 billion in 2010, $1.7 billion in 2011 then a loss of 1 billion in net income in 2012, the most recent year. (Table 1) Despite of the up-side-down net income and over $3 billion in long-term debt, DMC was able to make financial arrangements for a line of credit of from $500 million to nearly $2 billion to finance potential acquisitions of major competitors whose financial situations made them available. DMC’s top management team is well aware that a major change in strategy causes other changes. This also causes each manager concerned how his/her own area will change, even while they all know they have to help determine a direction that is the best overall choice for the company. They are well aware that the current growth strategy is insufficient. Top management team also need to consider whether or not a chosen target segment is profitable enough to pursue, and how these changes might influence manufacturing, supply chain, and personnel. Depending upon future direction, there will likely be an impact on information system as well. While IT is a progressive management team who is always willing to implement technical solutions to expedite product development and sales, their budget has been constrained along with all departments over the course of recent recession and the variability of returns to the company. Finance and accounting remain concerned about cash flow demands a nd financial activity for major company undertakings. HR knows from experience that major change can have a significant impact on staffing and morale. Besides company own business problems, DMC also faces industry’s issues as well. In the highly volatile electronics industry, international competition put pressure on the way DMC traditionally did business, including with whom, where, and at what price levels. Their ability to respond rapidly to market change is always difficult, based upon the nature of the product and the heavy investment required for future technologies. As a result, development costs continue to rise while sale margins have dropped steadily. In their industry, innovation is not an option, but an absolute necessity and maintaining a competitive advantage and building market share comes slowly and only to the best and smartest companies. DMC needs to consider the selling to wholesale distributor, particularly VAR. The VAR group always has irregular demand, as they react to the supply chain cycle of their small manufacturing customers and budget cycles for equipment upgrade customers. This segment is highly price sensitive, demanding attractive discounts and low delivery costs. Because of their reactions to the change in the market, DMC will be affected as numbers of demand increase or decrease irregularly, increasing unit cost of production. Now with DMC’s business problems, including within industry problems, have been issued they need a new or revised strategy, which, obviously, would lead to the best overall outcomes. With the problem of net income up and down dramatically and COGS as percentage of sales being a large number affecting net income, DMC needs to find a way to prove selling. They need a more effective way to sell product. Besides, new product development is always important to DMC. The founders believed that the experience of an entrepreneurial driver or team had to start from scratch and create success. They did not believe the future evolved from forecasting or planning in the technology world. The company identified outstanding managers coming up through the ranks, selected a few each year, and gave each $5 million to â€Å"make something happen.† With three or four new product efforts each year, they recognized most might fail, but hoped the winners would make up for the losers. With that in mind, DMC tries to create the own personal computer and touch screen products. It might fail  most of the time but it only needs one success to build up the brand and the future direc tion of the company. DMC really needs to take direct sales to the end user customer into consideration. Even though the Business-to-consumer (B2C) is not common in the electronic components industry, it is well worth the try. After an informal meeting with VP of IT, CEO Grant understands the possibility of moving into B2C without a large capital outlay if they could allocate some dedicated programming time to the project. There are still some concerns over the fact that the sales team would have to be heavily involved in any project like this and smaller orders would not be cost effective and would require too much support for product selection. However, the IT team’s view of sales on the web was that it could a relatively automated process, with a built-in digital configurator tool to help customers choose the right parts with minimal human intervention overall. With the B2C on the line, DMC can seriously consider cutting wholesale distributor like VAR. They not only can save the dollars-turn in every product but also avoid the irregular demand from VAR. With the B2C interface, DMC has the advantage knowing what customers need and the way they thinking. DMC can react quickly to market change and therefore save a lot of money in cost of unit production. B2C e-commerce has a lot of advantages in the business world nowadays. By using B2C, DMC can easily reach worldwide market with unlimited volume of customers. They also can display information, pictures, and prices of products or services without spending a fortune on colorful advertisements. By reducing the cost of advertisements, DMC can save a lot of money and use that to spend for new product development and make up the cost of changing strategies toward each functional division effectively. In some cases, B2C e-commerce makes order processing an easier task than before. With that, DMC als o can save up a lot of cost production and use that to make the selling more effective. One of the biggest advantages of B2C e-commerce is that DMC can operate on decreased, little, or even no overhead. Also, as VP of manufacturing Bret Hendricks expresses, DMC manufactured  division already do a great job of controlling costs and improving processes. He strongly feels his group cannot achieve any more efficiencies from the manufacturing lines unless they do a major overhaul and replace some of the manufacturing systems. With the strong competition from foreign suppliers who receiving funding from government, DMC really needs to find a way to make the manufacturing processes strongly effective. That should be done even it takes a great cost and time to do a major change. In the financial aspect, DMC has been good of negotiating deals with the company’s line credit to create resource and capital for the company major moves like acquisitions and mergers. However, the financial team needs to work on more areas to explore to lower general operating expenses that create problems for the bottom line. The idea of direct sales floating around is very promising. This can create pricing to wash any increased handling costs and significantly exceed the margin offered to their larger wholesale customers to make the new venture worthwhile. However, the difficulty lies on calculating ROI on any type of IT project. There were many variables and intangible benefits to consider. Lastly, if DMC is going to do a major change in strategy, they need to consider the large expenses of doing so. One of the major changes can be made is that DMC might consider insourcing. While outsourcing saves money in the short term, over the long run the company may suffer from not having a large enough employee pool to promote from in certain areas. The IT division of DMC has been doing well over the past. They need to continue to do so and try to explore in some new Business Intelligence tools. That includes the process of running the electronic commerce site. The IT team is a talented team, VP of IT division could try to create things that keep them motivated and create more ideas to help the company’s success. Overall, the main business problems of DMC is their ineffective selling led to dramatically up and down income and their COGS being a large number affecting sales; the functional division that requires lot of things in order to create a change in strategy, this includes cost, time and human resources; management problems of choosing a right market segment; DMC’s  problems within the industry such as international competition, the adaption of market changes response and the increase of development cost. However, DMC also has many opportunities and advantages such as the ability to deal with financial institution with credit card in order to have capital preparing for acquisitions or merger. They also have a good IT team, manufacturing process and talented human resources. DMC already established their reputation as one of the dominant computer component manufacturers in the world. Recommendation for DMC is that they should consider creating a major change in strategy and manufacturing process to make the company sales more effective. In order to do so, they would need to prepare a brief and careful plan because it requires much of cost and time involving all of the company divisions. DMC also needs to invent and explore more to create new products and choose the right market segment. They need to find a way to deal with international competition’s pressure and respond quickly to market change. COGS as percentage of sales needs to be adjusted so that the net income and sales of the company don’t be affected in a wrong way. Lastly, because DMC has problems with market changing and wholesale distributor’s irregular demands, they should seriously consider starting B2C e-commerce. The advantages of B2C e-commerce could really change the status of the company and make sales and manufacturing process more effective.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Introduction The process of urination is vital to the body for the removal of certain waste products. Normally, when the bladder gets full, urine is emptied from the body through the urethra in a process called urination. In urinary retention, a person’s bladder fills up and there is an urge to urinate but he is unable to completely empty his bladder. With chronic urinary retention, a person may be able to urinate, but he has some trouble starting a stream or emptying your bladder completely. He may urinate frequently, may feel an urgent need to urinate but have little success when he gets to the toilet; or he may feel he still have to go after having finished urinating. With acute urinary retention, he can't urinate at all even though he has a full bladder. Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency requiring prompt action. Acute urinary retention (AUR) is an extremely uncomfortable and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a sudden inability to urinate associated with intense suprapubic discomfort. It is most often secondary to obstruction, but may also be related to trauma, medication, neurologic disease, infection, and occasionally psychological issues. Acute urinary retention (AUR) is one of the most significant, uncomfortable and inconvenient event in the natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is the virtual universal overgrowth of the prostate gland in men as they age. Various factors affecting BPH are age, genetic makeup, testosterone levels, and environment. As the prostate enlarges it compresses the urethra causing obstruction to urine flow. The urinary stream becomes smaller; there may be difficulty in initiating the stream, dribbling, and intermittent flow, frequency of urination, getting up at night to void (nocturia), inability to empty, or even inability to void at all (retention). Patient’s Profile Name: c Age: 69 Address: Civil Status: Married Chief Complaint: Difficulty in urinating ptc and bloody urine few days ptc Tentative Diagnosis: Acute urinary retention prob. Secondary to BPH History of Present Illness a. Present History Patient is 69 years old male retiree, a resident of PS Tagas, Tabaco City admitted at BRTTH with a chief complaint of dysuria. One week prior to consultation he had difficulty in urinating and presence of blood in the urine b. Medical History The patient claimed that he has hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II. Anatomy and Physiology Prostate gland The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system. The gland is made of two lobes, or regions, enclosed by an outer layer of tissue. As the diagrams show, the prostate is located in front of the rectum and just below the bladder, where urine is stored. The prostate also surrounds the urethra, the canal through which urine passes out of the body. Scientists do not know all the prostate's functions. One of its main roles, though, is to squeeze fluid into the urethra as sperm move through during sexual climax. This fluid, which helps make up semen, energizes the sperm and makes the vaginal canal less acidic. Urinary Bladder The urinary bladder is a muscular sac for storing urine. The triangular base of the bladder, the trigone, is defined by the two ureters that deliver the urine and the one urethra that drains the urine. When empty, the bladder collapses, and folds (called rugae) from in the bladder wall. As it fills, the folds become distended and the bladder  becomes spherical. The wall of the bladder consists of three layers similar to those of  the urethra: the mucosa, the muscularis (here called the detrusor muscle), and the adventitia. Circular smooth muscle fibers around the urethra form the internal urethral sphincter. As a man matures, the prostate goes through two main periods of growth. The first occurs early in puberty, when the prostate doubles in size. At around age 25, the gland begins to grow again. This second growth phase often results, years later, in BPH. Though the prostate continues to grow during most of a man's life, the enlargement doesn't usually cause problems until late in life. BPH rarely causes symptoms before age 40, but more than half of men in their sixties and as many as 90 percent in their  seventies and eighties have some symptoms of BPH. As the prostate enlarges, the layer of tissue surrounding it stops it from expanding, causing the gland to press against the urethra like a clamp on a garden hose. The bladder wall becomes thicker and irritable. The bladder begins to contract even when it contains small amounts of urine, causing more frequent urination. Eventually, the bladder weakens and loses the ability to empty itself. Urine remains in the bladder. The narrowing of the urethra and partial emptying of the bladder cause many of the problems associated with BPH. Pathophysiology Urinary retention can be caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract or by nerve problems that interfere with signals between the brain and the bladder. If the nerves aren't working properly, the brain may not get the message that the bladder is full. Even if you know that your bladder is full, the bladder muscle that squeezes urine out may not get the signal that it is time to push, or the sphincter muscles may not get the signal that it is time to relax. A weak bladder muscle can also cause retention. As a man ages, his prostate gland may enlarge. Doctors call the condition benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or benign prostatic hypertrophy. As the prostate enlarges, the layer of tissue surrounding it stops it from expanding, causing the gland to press against the urethra like a clamp on a garden hose. As a result, the bladder wall becomes thicker and irritable. The bladder begins to contract even when it contains small amounts of urine, causing more frequent urination. Eventually, the bladder weakens and loses the ability to empty itself, so urine remains in the bladder. The pathophysiology of bladder outlet obstruction in men with BPH has been attributed to both static and dynamic factors. The static obstruction is due to the bulk enlargement of the prostate encroaching upon the prostatic urethra and bladder outlet, whereas the dynamic obstruction is related to the tension of prostate smooth muscle. Diagnostic Evaluation and Lab Examination a. Ultrasound of whole abdomen * Normal * Gassy epigastria, gassy filled bowel loops * Empty bladder b. CBC WBC| 8. 1| RBC| 4. 16| Hemoglobin| 103| Hematocrit| 0. 31| Platelet| 273| c. Urinalysis Specific gravity| 1. 025| pH| 5. 0| Sugar| (-)| RBC| 13-15| Medical Treatment and Evaluation Treatment a. Admit to surgical ward. b. Labs: Ultrasound -CBC -Urinalysis c. I ; O q 4H d. Intravenous Rehydration e. Indwelling Catheter – To facilitate accurate measurement of urinary output for critically ill patients, Drug Study Ciprofloxacin Action: Interferes the conversion of intermediate DNA fragments into high-molecular-weight DNA in bacteria; DNA gyrase inhibitor. Indication: Adult urinary tract infections (including complicated); c hronic bacterial prostitis; acute sinusitis; lower respiratory skin, bone, joint infections; infectious diarrhea, exposure to inhalation anthrax; conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers (ophthalmic). Dose: PO 500mg q12h Adverse Effects: CNS: Headache, dizziness, fatigue, insomnia, depression, restlessness, seizures, confusion. GI: Nausea, constipation, increased ALT, AST, flatulence, insomnia, heartburn, vomiting, diarrhea, oral candidasis, dysphagia, pseudomembranous colitis, dry mouth INTEG: Rash, pruritis, uriticaria, photosensitivity, flushing, fever, chills, MISC: Anaphylaxis,Stevens-Johnson Syndrome MS: Tremor, arthalgia, tendon rupture Nursing Considerations: * Assess patient for previous sensitivity reaction Identify urine output; if decreasing, notify prescriber (may indicate nephrotoxicity); also check for increased BUN, creatinine. Nursing Care Management Ongoing Assessment * Monitor Intake and Output. * Assess Vital signs| Provides information about fluid balance, renal function as well as guidelines for fluid replacement. BP, Pulse, RR, and Temperature indicate response to fluid status. | Diet * Low Sodium diet| A diet high in sodium may raise blood pressure and caus e fluid retention, resulting in swelling of the legs and feet. | Sex Being sexually active may help keep the urethra open. But the patient should not get sexually aroused without ejaculating because the urethra may get blocked. Some treatments may also cause sexual problems. These problems usually do not last forever and most can be helped. Complications * Urinary Tract Infection * Bladder Damage * Chronic Kidney Disease| Urine is normally sterile, and the normal flow of urine usually prevents bacteria from growing in the urinary tract. When urine stays in the bladder, however, bacteria have a chance to grow and infect the urinary tract. If the bladder becomes stretched too far or for long periods, the muscle may be permanently damaged and lose its ability to contract. If urine backs up into the kidneys, permanent kidney damage can lead to reduced kidney function and chronic kidney disease. If you lose too much of your kidney function, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive. | References: Mosby, Elsevier. Mosby’s Guide for Nurses, 6th edition. Missouri, St. Louis: 2005 http://www. pennmedicine. org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation. spx? gcid=000136;ptid=17 http://www. nsbri. org/humanphysspace/focus4/ep-urine. html http://kidney. niddk. nih. gov/kudiseases/pubs/UrinaryRetention/ http://www. uptodate. com/contents/acute-urinary-retention http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1477632/ http://www. scribd. com/doc/5989689/Case-Study-BPH http://wps. prenhall. com/wps/media/objects/3918/4012970/NursingTools/ch48_NCP_UrinElim_1316-1317. pdf http://www. drugs. com/cg/urinary-retention-in -men-aftercare-instructions. html

Aldi Supermarket chain

Aldi Supermarket chain Introduction Overview Aldi is a global supermarket chain based in Germany (Aldi, 2013). Aldi was founded by Karl and Theo albretch brothers in 1946. The two had inherited a convenient store from their mother and created a chain of discount food shops Aldi first went global by opening a branch in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Currently, the supermarket chain owns more than 400 stores in the UK alone.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Aldi Supermarket chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aldi mainly deals in food and drinks, but also sells a range of health and cosmetic products and other low-cost domestic goods. The majority of the products sold by this supermarket chain are own-branded labelled plus a few non-branded products. This system enables Aldi to stock a variety of products similar to other general supermarkets but on a limited space (Aldi Group History, 2010; Fallon, 1987, p. 33; Mitchell, 1991, p. 5). Report Purpose The aim of this report is to carry out an in-depth analysis of Aldi supermarket chain using PESTEL framework and to explore the potential impact of each factor on Aldi, its policies and competitiveness in the UK market. Aldi’s Industrial Analysis: PESTEL framework Political Factors Aldi is a multinational corporation and therefore is greatly affected by the political and legal conditions of individual countries where it operates. The political state of affairs in the UK can be described as steady. The main focus of the current government is recovery from the global financial crisis (Hamilton Ryan, 2012). According to the UK legislation on employment, retail stores are encouraged to provide a wide range of employment opportunities (Balchin, 1994, p. 44). Aldi supermarket chain recognizes the impact of retail chains on social welfare. The company has employed a large number of people without discrimination. Its workforce encompasses people of all walks of life (Mitche ll, 1991, p. 5). Economic factors The economy of the UK is at the moment steady. However, the country has been grappling with relatively high unemployment and uncertainties in the economy. The economy grew by 0.23 % in 2012 and is expected to grow by 1 % this year (2013) (Hamilton Ryan, 2012; BCC, 2012, P. 10). The economic conditions in the UK are a major cause of concern for the retail chain. One of the major causes of concern is the anticipated increase in the unemployment rate. This will result in a decline in the effective demand for numerous products and therefore will affect the general demand of goods in the country (Elearn Training Co 2005). Since the economic factors are way beyond the company’s control, Aldi has started re-organizing its marketing mix with regard to future changes in the economy.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Socio-cultural fa ctors According to the recent census conducted in the UK, the population of the youth is shrinking while that of the elderly is growing. This will negatively affect the labour market, market demand, and increase in government expenditure services. Ultimately, the UK government will have to cut-down its budget and increase tax to provide these services. Increased expenses due to rising taxes have impelled UK consumers to change their consumption behaviour (Graiser Scott, p. 10). These changes have resulted into more focus on value addition (Graiser Scott, p. 10; Clarke, Bennison Pal, 1997, p. 60). Since consumers are a function of social habit and beliefs, UK consumers have become more enlightened on health matters and their mind-set towards foodstuff. Aldi is currently adjusting its products to take care of the rising demand for organic and healthy foodstuff (Graiser Scott, p. 13). Technological factors Consumers require more expedient technologies while buying goods. Technology plays a major role in improving consumer experience (Faucheux Nicolaà ¯, 1998, p. 243). The most recent technological innovations for retail stores include electronic advertising and electronic shelf labelling. Online marketing has also become more popular. For that reason, businesses have resorted to the use of online channels to attract customers (Faucheux Nicolaà ¯, 1998, p. 244). The developments of many Aldi goods have been influenced by technology. The current technology has benefited both the retail chain and the consumers at large. Aldi has enhanced consumer satisfaction through technology. The use of technology has enabled the supermarket chain to enhance accessibility of goods and services and personalization of shopping. Technology has also helped to improve efficiency of supply and stock operations (Aldi, 2013). Environmental factors Corporate social responsibility significantly contributes in building consumer trust and loyalty. Therefore, many companies have been experiencing a lot of pressure to recognize their obligation to the general public (Schwartz Carroll, 2003, p. 504; Worthington Brotton, 2009). One of the societal matter threatening retail chains dealing in foodstuff is environmental concerns which requires them to act in an environmentally friendly manner. Understanding these issues broadens moral stance. Aldi’s CSR is concerned with the manner through which the organization meets its responsibility to the shareholders via regulations and governance (Faucheux Nicolaà ¯, 1998, p. 246). Aldi has adapted its products with the current policies and regulations related to environmental sustainability (Aldi Group History, 2010). Legislative factors The British market is extremely regulated (Mintel Report, 2011, P. 2). In addition, the EU commission has set up mandatory nutritional regulations for the retail sector. These regulations help ensure that consumers access healthy foodstuff and more balanced diet. These policies and regulations have had a significant effect on Aldi’s performance. Its product meets both local and global standards (Mintel Report, 2011, P. 4).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Aldi Supermarket chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Aldi is a global company but strongly depends on the UK market. Though the UK is economically stable, it is faced with various uncertainties. Aldi understands its role in the society and has been striving to meet the demand of both the consumer and the government. Aldi has been able to keep a good rapport with the UK government by implementing politically correct policies. The company has been keeping tab with current socioeconomic changes by adjusting its products and services in accordance with the prevailing trends. In addition, Aldi’s products are environmentally friendly and meet the established standards. References Aldi 2013, Welcome to Aldi. Web. Aldi Gro up History 2010, Company History. Web. Balchin, A 1994, ‘Part-time workers in the multiple retail sector: small change from employment protection legislation’, Employee Relations, vol. 16, no. 15, pp. 43-57. BCC 2012, Policy Marker: Quarterly Economic Survey Q1 2012, British Chamber of Commerce, London. Clarke, I, Bennison, D, Pal, J 1997, ‘Towards a contemporary perspective of retail location’, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, vol. 25, no. 2, pp.59-69.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Elearn Training Co 2005, The Business Environment, Elsevier, London. Worthington, A, Brotton, C 2009, The Business Environment, FT/Prentice Hall, London. Fallon, J 1987, ‘Aldis European Stores Offer Price’. Supermarket News, 31 August, p. 33. Faucheux S, Nicolaà ¯ I 1998, Environmental technological change and governance in sustainable development policy, Ecological Economics, vol. 27, pp. 243-256. Graiser, A, Scott, T 2004, ‘Understanding the dynamics of the supermarket sector’, The Secured Lender, vol. 60, no. 6, pp.10-14. Hamilton, S, Ryan, J 2012, U.K. Economy Surges 1% as Britain Exits Recession. Web. Mintel Report 2011, UK Food Retailing. Web. Mitchell, A 1991, ‘Aldi and Gateway Seal Site Deal in Move that Puzzles Supermarkets’. Marketing, 12 December, p. 5. Schwartz, M S, Carroll, AB 2003, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: A Three-Domain Approach’, Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 4, pp.503–530.

Lifetime Earnings Soar with Education

Lifetime Earnings Soar with Education How much more is higher education worth in cold hard money than a high school diploma? Plenty. A college masters degree is worth an average of $1.3 million more in lifetime earnings than a high school diploma, according to a recent report from the U.S. Census Bureau. The report titled The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings reveals that over an adults working life, high school graduates can expect, on average, to earn $1.2 million, while those with a bachelors degree will earn, $2.1 million; and people with a masters degree will earn $2.5 million. The large differences in average work-life earnings among the educational levels reflect both differential starting salaries and also disparate earnings trajectories, noted the Census Bureau, that is, the path of earnings over one’s life.Persons with doctoral degrees earn an average of $3.4 million during their working life, while those with professional degrees, like medicine, law, and engineering do best at $4.4 million.At most ages, more education equates with higher earnings, and the payoff is most notable at the highest educational levels, said Jennifer Cheeseman Day, co-author of the report.The figures are based on 1999 earnings projected over a typical work life, defined by the Census Bureau as the period from ages 25 through 64. While many people stop working at an age other than 65, or start before age 25, this range of 40 years provides a practical benchmark for many people, noted the Census Bureau. Americans Staying In School Longer Along with the financial data, the report also shows that more Americans are staying in school longer than ever before. In 2000, as 84%  of American adults age 25 and over had at least completed  high school and 26% had continued to earn a bachelors degree or higher, both percentages all-time highs. 'Glass Ceiling' On Earnings Still Intact The report also shows that while more American women than men have received bachelors degrees every year since 1982, men with professional degrees may expect to cumulatively earn almost $2 million more than their female counterparts over their work lives. Glass ceiling aside, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that women who graduated from college earned about 76 percent more than women with only a high school diploma in 2004.Additional highlights from the report show: In 1999, average annual earnings ranged from $18,900 for high school dropouts to $25,900 for high school graduates, $45,400 for college graduates and $99,300 for the holders of professional degrees (medical doctors, dentists, veterinarians, and lawyers).Over a work life, earnings for a worker with a bachelors degree compared with one who had just a high school diploma increase by about $1 million for non-Hispanic Whites and about $700,000 for African Americans; Asians and Pacific Islanders; and Hispanics.Currently, almost 9-in-10 young adults graduate from high school and about 6-in-10 high school seniors go on to college the following year. A separate report released last year, Whats It Worth? Field of Training and Economic Status: 1996, said among people with bachelors degrees, those working full time in engineering earned the highest average monthly pay ($4,680), while those with education degrees earned the lowest ($2,802) in 1996. 2016 Updated Figures Without a College Degree: According to data most recently collected in 2016 by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, full-time workers age 25 and older without a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $494 in the first quarter of 2016. That compares with a median of $679 for high school graduates who never attended college and $782 for workers with some college or an associate degree. With a College Degree: Median weekly earnings were $1,155 for workers with a bachelors degree and $1,435 for workers with an advanced degree- a master’s, professional, or doctoral degree. Among college graduates with advanced degrees, the highest earning 10% of men- whose earnings were at or above the 90th percentile- made $3,871 or more per week; the 90th percentile for women with advanced degrees was $2,409 or more. Weekly earnings for the lowest paid 10% of men with advanced degrees- whose earnings were below the 10th percentile were less than $773 in the first quarter. That was slightly higher than the median earnings- the 50th percentile- of men who had completed high school but never attended college.

Damned vs. Dammed

Damned vs. Dammed Damned vs. Dammed Damned vs. Dammed By Simon Kewin An article from the Yale School of Forestry Environmental Studies recently revealed the shocking news that some South Korean rivers have been condemned to eternal punishment : The natural landscape of South Korea has been largely re-engineered, with nearly every river damned or forced into concrete channels. Of course, what the piece really meant to say was dammed with a dam on it. Dammed and damned are two words that are often confused, not least because they are homophones; they sound the same. Its also easy to miss an incorrect usage because the two words look so similar. The main evening news on the BBC recently displayed a graphic for a story about a damming report into the UK Ministry of Defence. The report had nothing to do with dams. To add to the confusion, the words are often deliberately mixed up by writers for the purpose of creating witty or ironic titles. The distinction is straightforward. Rivers are dammed and sinners are damned. LONDON - There are three kinds of lies, goes the old saying popularized by Mark Twain: â€Å"lies, damned lies, and statistics.† That’s been on my mind this month as I’ve watched a big scandal over aid workers’ (www.nytimes.com) gnawed through by the beaver family, all dead or dying under 3ft of water. The beavers have done what beavers do – dammed the stream that links one loch with another, allowing them to swim their territory instead of walk it. The result (www.theguardian.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsThe Difference Between "will" and "shall"While vs. Whilst

There is an ongoing debate on the use of capital punishment. Discuss Essay

There is an ongoing debate on the use of capital punishment. Discuss the social, moral and historical aspects of this controversial topic - Essay Example The reason that capital punishment represents the social problem is due to the fact that it is both something that is potentially morally wrong and a reaction to crime that has statistically been proven to be ineffective in reducing criminal activity with regards to the specific crimes that incurred the death penalty. As a function of this two-pronged approach, the following analysis will seek to provide the reader with a more profound understanding with regards to the determinants of morality and efficacy that the death penalty ultimately portends. It is the hope of this author that such an analysis will be useful in seeking to understand some of the sociological changes with respect to the death penalty which had been instituted within the past several decades around the globe. Firstly, activists that oppose the death penalty promote the understanding that the death penalty is merely a form of empty retribution. What is meant by this is the fact that compelling statistics, compiled by a litany of different researchers, indicate that the death penalty is entirely ineffective with regards to deterring capital crime (Worthen et al., 2014). An analysis of states within the United States that employ the death penalty as compared to those that do not, do not exhibit a market differentiation between the overall level and numbers of these crimes committed. On the other hand, activists on the far right of the political spectrum oftentimes promote the belief that the death penalty is morally commanded and should be employed as a means of providing a degree of restitution and closure to the family members who have had others taken from them in such gruesome a manner (Asai & Maki, 2011). Although there is a degree of psychological evidence that closure can be achieved through the application of the death penalty, such a construct does not justify the taking of life; at least in the view of this author

Ndividual Written Analysis of the Case Enterprise-Rent-A-Car Study

Ndividual Written Analysis of the Enterprise-Rent-A-Car - Case Study Example Enterprise also started developing its relationship with top insurance companies which helped in expanding its business. Moreover, in the year 1980, Jack stepped out from the top post and promoted his son Andy as the president of Enterprise which led to a frequent growth of revenue in the company. In the year 2010, Enterprise became the seventh largest private company in the United States with annual revenue more than 12 million US Dollars. The main reason for success of Enterprise was that the company stressed on providing the best customer service and which created the brand value for the company. Moreover, the company trained its managers in such a way that determined and reduced the demotivating aspects i.e. absence of feedback, misinterpreting the significance of a given task and lack of concern for inefficient performance. In addition, the company divided its market into two segments that involved the local market and the airport market which accounted for revenue of 20 million US Dollars and contributed to the success of the Enterprise (Busse and Swinkels 1-15). Thesis Statement. The study intends identify the key assets, competitive advantages along with activities of Enterprise. Besides, the key challenges as well as opportunities linked to the firm’s business model and practices will also be ascertained and subsequent recommendations will be provided. Enterprise had expended more than 10 million US Dollars to research on the satisfaction of the customers and their valuable experience. It has been revealed that Enterprise focused on the three main aspects which included the approach and effectiveness of the employees, the transaction speed and the hygiene factor of the car. Thus, if these three aspects were attained successfully than the customers’ would be satisfied. It was observed that over 70% customers were essentially satisfied and developed the intention of using the services of Enterprise again. Enterprise also used Enterprise Service

How does the history of India's textile industries reflect the growth Term Paper

How does the history of India's textile industries reflect the growth and decline of colonialism - Term Paper Example This has also comprised of a significant component of trade in Portugal.1 Traditionally, the textile industry in India is the only industry that generated huge employment in the country after agriculture. Textile industry is the second largest income and employment generating sector in India. Textile industry occupies a special position in India, and accounts for over 14 percent of total production. This approximates to 30 percent total exports. The industry provides one of the basic needs in the country, hence enhance maintenance of sustainable growth and improve the quality of life. The industry holds a unique position as a self reliant industry, ranging from raw material production to delivery of finished products, accompanied by the addition of value at every stage. This paper evaluates how the textile industry in India reflects the growth and decline of colonialism.1 History of Textile Industry India’s textile industry remains remarkable worldwide for production and suppl y of textile goods. The industry was virtually decayed during the colonial period. Nevertheless, the modern textile industry dates back at the beginning of 19th century after the establishment of the first textile mill in Calcutta in 1818. The textile industry, however, made a real beginning in 1850s in Bombay, with the first textile mill established in 1854 by the Parsi cotton merchant who engaged in internal and overseas trade afterwards. Indeed, vast majority of early mills were by handiwork merchants who engaged in the cloth trade in markets at home and in African2 markets. The cotton mill in Ahmedabad was established in 1871 and emerged as a rival centre to the one in Bombay. The Gujarati trading class facilitated the development of the cotton mills at Ahmedabad. The industry has since then expanded rapidly, especially during the second half of 19th century that saw the establishment of 178 cotton mills. However, in 1900, the textile industry was in a very bad state due to incr eased due to famine leading to mot mills in Bombay and Ahmedabad closed for long periods. By 1945, the mills had employed more than 5.10 lahk workers. The industry is described as Swadesh as it was developed from the indigenous entrepreneurship as well as capital in the pre-independence era when the Swedish movement stimulated the demand for the Indian textile. The country’s partition during independence affected the textile industry when the Indian union gotten 409 out of available 423 mills in undivided India. This saw 14 mills and 22 percent of the land going to Pakistan. Also, some mills were closed down making most Indian mills import their cotton from Pakistan and other countries after independence. After independence, the country made more rapid strides under the plans. This saw doubling of the spindles from 11 to 22 million between 1951 and 1982. This further increased during 1989-90. The colonialists used textile industry for their own personal gain where they exploi ted the weavers and created a cultural hotch-potch. This affected native cultures where the indigenous production moulds and design patterns underwent major modifications at the onslaught of the alien culture. This sometimes encouraged virtual extinction of some valuable native crafts. The colonial history of the textile industry in India can be split into two phases; 17th and 18th centuries. During this period, Indian muslins and calicoes enhanced commerce in the European East India Companies. The second phase of

Hypothesis Testin Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hypothesis Testin Paper - Essay Example It is a hypothesis which states that there is no difference between the procedures and is denoted by H0. The following test of hypothesis can be conducted from the table above: Test Statistic: It is the random variable X whose value is tested to arrive at a decision. The Central Limit Theorem states that for large sample sizes (n > 30) drawn randomly from a population, the distribution of the means of those samples will approximate normality, even when the data in the parent population are not distributed normally. A z statistic is usually used for large sample sizes (n > 30), but often large samples are not easy to obtain, in which case the t-distribution can be used. The population standard deviation s is estimated by the sample standard deviation, s. Rejection Region: It is the part of the sample space (critical region) where the null hypothesis H0 is rejected. The size of this region is determined by the probability (a) of the sample point falling in the critical region when H0 is true. a is also known as the level of significance, the probability of the value of the random variable falling in the critical region. Also it should be noted that the term "Statistical significance" refers only to the rejection of a null hypothesis at some level a. It implies only that the observed difference between the sample statistic and the mean of the sampling distribution did not occur by chance alone. The critical t value is obtained according to the degrees of freedom The resulting t test values are shown in this table: t-test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances Upstream Downstream Mean 6.6539 8.6874 Variance 0.2124 0.2988 Observations 10 10 Pooled Variance 0.2556 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 Degrees of freedom

McDonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

McDonalds - Essay Example Subsequent initiatives included a breakfast menu available nationwide, with the introduction of the Egg McMuffin in 1973. Ronald McDonald was first seen in a television appearance in 1963, and has since become the ubiquitous company representative and also ambassador of charity involvement in the form of Ronald McDonald House, which was established in 1974 as a key element of the company's philanthropic community involvement. The Happy Meal was introduced in 1979, which pioneered the promotional concept of marketing to children by giving away toys and games with meal purchases. This concept has since been adopted by all major burger chains, and has evolved into a significant promotional and tie-in tool for partnerships with major entertainment companies and events. Having created the promotional toy tool with the introduction of Happy Meals in 1976, McDonald's is the leader in toy-based promotions in both foodservice and across all industries. (www.datamonitor.com) McDonald's suffered from a series of strategic blunders and a deteriorating public image in the mid-1990s. These slips included the launch of the low-fat McLean Deluxe sandwich, which was very poorly received, and the launch of the adult-targeted Arch Deluxe sandwich, which did not win consumer acceptance, whilst operating margins were negatively impacted by heavy couponing; The Campaign 55 promotion, a US$0.55 sandwich offer subject to a variety of confusing conditions, proved too difficult and was pulled. In an attempt to find growth opportunities outside of the saturated burgers segment, McDonald's took a step towards diversification in 1998, when it purchased Latin American fast food chain Chipotle, and then in 1999 with the acquisition of Ohio-based pizza chain Donato's Pizza. In the same year, the company announced its intention to purchase the bankrupt Boston Market chain of restaurants that specialized in meal replacement and limited FSR. The sale was approved in 2000, and constituted McDonald's first major acquisition outside of its QSR stronghold. In response to continuing criticism regarding its foods' nutritional content and to broaden its appeal to health conscious consumers, McDonald's has added a variety of healthier meal options, including premium salads and fresh fruit. The company discontinued its "supersize" menu items in 2004, and in 2006, McDonald's was the first fast food restaurant to post nutritional information on the packaging of each of its food items. The new packaging will use bar charts and icons to detail five basic nutritional elements - calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and sodium. Competitive Positioning McDonald's is by far the leading fast food burger chain in the US, with nearly a 45% market share in foodservice. The company does, however, face strong competition, like other foodservice operators, but its ever growing market penetration, new product innovation and strong advertising backing helped the company see a consecutive value share increase between 2000 and 2005. The reach of the McDonald's brand has posed growth challenges in recent years, as saturation presents limits to opportunities for unit growth in the US, the company's main market. The company initially turned to a strategy of diversification, evident in its acquisitions of Chipotle

Hypothesis Testin Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hypothesis Testin Paper - Essay Example It is a hypothesis which states that there is no difference between the procedures and is denoted by H0. The following test of hypothesis can be conducted from the table above: Test Statistic: It is the random variable X whose value is tested to arrive at a decision. The Central Limit Theorem states that for large sample sizes (n > 30) drawn randomly from a population, the distribution of the means of those samples will approximate normality, even when the data in the parent population are not distributed normally. A z statistic is usually used for large sample sizes (n > 30), but often large samples are not easy to obtain, in which case the t-distribution can be used. The population standard deviation s is estimated by the sample standard deviation, s. Rejection Region: It is the part of the sample space (critical region) where the null hypothesis H0 is rejected. The size of this region is determined by the probability (a) of the sample point falling in the critical region when H0 is true. a is also known as the level of significance, the probability of the value of the random variable falling in the critical region. Also it should be noted that the term "Statistical significance" refers only to the rejection of a null hypothesis at some level a. It implies only that the observed difference between the sample statistic and the mean of the sampling distribution did not occur by chance alone. The critical t value is obtained according to the degrees of freedom The resulting t test values are shown in this table: t-test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances Upstream Downstream Mean 6.6539 8.6874 Variance 0.2124 0.2988 Observations 10 10 Pooled Variance 0.2556 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 Degrees of freedom

Corruption in the Corrections System Research Paper

Corruption in the Corrections System - Research Paper Example In my study, I came up with the best solutions to minimize corruption in these units and include punishing the vote brokers and vote sellers during the judicial voting and annual assessment of the public officials. Others include; conducting regular surprise examination for all the correction system officers, a timely governmental audit by COA or an independent audit firm, strict regulations of the entire correctional system and demolishment of private prisons. A correctional system, sometimes referred to as panel system, is a connection between different agencies with the prime role of providing a jurisdiction’s prison as well as other community-based initiatives such as parole and probation boards. A correctional system forms a major crucial and important part of the macro criminal justice system, which to extent includes other processes of policing, making prosecutions and the general court system. There are some forms as well as types of this system including; Power Factor Correction Systems, Community Correction Information Systems, AccuSine Power Correction System and the Trajectory Correction System, among others. All these different types of correctional system have the same objectives, goals, and aims, which make them, stay focused towards the achievement of the best standards of providing jurisdiction’s prison to the public. However, corruption has diminished the quality of service provision by these systems, leadin g to partial failure on some of them towards the realization of their mission statements. In this research paper, I am going to identify some of the corruptions of this system and discuss the possible tactics that can get used to solving some of these problems. Corruption refers to all the activities leading to abuse of power by the public officers with the prime purpose of private and individual gain. It may also be an organized, independent processes and mechanisms. This is whereby a

How We Are Teaching Children to Think Inside the Box Essay Example for Free

How We Are Teaching Children to Think Inside the Box Essay When children come home from school, parents usually sit down with them, go through their homework folders and ask their child, â€Å"so, what did you learn at school today?† Twenty years ago, the child may have commented on what they learned in art, music, social studies or geography. Now, a child will comment only on what they learned in their reading circle or in their math book. The fault for this lies within the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act. Standardized testing has turned teachers into test proctors and schools into testing facilities. Students are no longer receiving a broad education that covers many subjects; instead, their learning is streamlined to fit the content that is on the standardized tests. The NCLB Act is not working as it was intended, and as a result the American children are falling even further behind other developed nations. In fact, American students are ranked 19th out of 21 countries in math, 16th in science and last in physics (DeWeese 2). The No Child Left Behind Act needs to be tossed out before we do irreversible damage to the education system. It is not too late – we can turn everything around by getting rid of costly standardized tests, ensure students receive a broad education that includes classes in arts and music, which will better prepare them for higher education, and give control back to the individual states. In 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act was enacted by Congress, which was intended to close the learning gap between Caucasian students and minority students. The NCLB promised to promote accountability amongst teachers and school administrators, as well as assuring that all children would be proficient – according to standards set by the individual states – in reading and math by the end of the 2013-2014 school year (Ravitch 2). In addition, NCLB stated that by the end of the 2005-2006 school-year every classroom in America would have a highly qualified teacher (Paige 2). The most reliable way that the drafters of No Child Left Behind proposed collecting the data that they needed in order to keep track of accountability and proficiency was by mandating that each state issue their  students in grades 3 through 12 a standardized test annually that covers the subjects of reading, writing and math (Beveridge 1). The test that is issued is given to all students, whether they are Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, disabled, etc. and schools are graded based on the proficiency of their students. Each state sets a yearly goal that increases each year based on the mandates of the NCLB Act, in which all students will be 100 percent proficient in those three subjects by the year 2014 (Ravitch 2). On paper, the NCLB Act looked like a blessing to schools that are located in areas of low-income, minority areas and advocates for children with learning disabilities because these tests were meant to highlight the schools that are doing poorly and ensure they receive funding and training in order to turn the scores around (Darling-Hammond 1). In a letter that is addressed to parents on their website, the U.S. Department of Education explains that the NCLB Act provides â€Å"more resources to schools† through funding and â€Å"allows more flexibility† when allocating the funds (3). According to Linda Darling-Hammond, a Professor of Education at Stanford University, â€Å"the funding allocated by NCLB – less than 10 percent of most schools’ budgets – does not meet the needs of the under-resourced schools, where many students currently struggle to learn† (2). Another way schools get their funding is through the taxes that we pay. It makes sense that schools located in an area that has higher income would receive more funds than schools located in a low-income area. What happens is that with the limited funding, schools in low-income areas need to prioritize funding to raise the standardized test scores of their students because once a school fails to show improvement in their standar dized test scores, they are placed on probation the second year and parents are given a choice to leave the failing school, taking their child and the funding attached to that child to a school that is rated better. â€Å"In the third year of a school’s failure, students are entitled to free tutoring after school† according to Diane Ravitch, a research professor of education at New York University (2). The funding provided by NCLB is supposed to help pay for the free tutoring, but, like was stated before, the funding provided is not enough. What happens when a school is mandated by law to provide resources, but it cannot find room in their budget? That’s  right, they cut funding elsewhere. In an article written by Angela Pascopella, the Austin Independent School District superintendent Pascal D. Forgione explains that â€Å"NCLB also requires that schools in need of improvement set aside 10 percent of their local Title 1 funds for professional development †¦ this creates no flexibility in budgeting† (1). When schools need to restructure their budget in order to pay for tutoring and retraining teachers, the arts and music programs are the ones that suffer most. NCLB places so much emphasis on the outcome of the standardized tests. Can you really blame the school districts for re-emphasizing the importance of standardized tests when their funding relies on it? States were put in charge of providing their own assessment tests in order to provide a more focused education to their students and ensure that the students meet the state’s standards of proficiency. Tina Beveridge explains that â€Å"in 2007, the Washington Assessment of Student Learning (WASL) cost the state $113 million †¦ [and] many districts eliminated teaching positions as a result, despite the use of stimulus money. As budgets are cut nationwide, the funding for nontested subjects are affected first† (1). The fact that the distribution of funds is based on the outcome of the standardized test scores mea ns that we are blatantly failing the inner-city schools. A school will be placed on probation if they fail just one category ranging from proficiency of Caucasian students all the way down to the proficiency of the students who are just learning the English language. Schools located in higher income areas don’t really have to worry as much about budget cuts because those schools are located in areas that are predominately white and with parents who are active in their children’s education. On the other hand, schools in low income areas have to provide tutoring and other mandated actions in order to improve their proficiency rates, all the while their students are learning in â€Å"crumbling facilities, overcrowded classrooms, out-of-date textbooks, no science labs, no art or music courses and a revolving door of untrained teachers† (Darling-Hammond 2). After a few years of a school not showing improvement through their test scores, their entire teaching staff could be fired. We just saw this happen last year in Providence, Rhode Island. The school board terminated 1,976 teachers because of insufficient results and the need to make budget cuts (Chivvis 1). The turnover rate for  teachers is already extremely high, as much as 50 percent leave within 5 years in urban areas (McKinney et al 1) and the pressure of working in a low-income school district where schools are lacking basic teaching necessities is not all that appealing. The inability of low-income schools to offer teachers incentives because of funding, and with the added stress of job security, it makes one wonder how any highly qualified teachers are in the classroom. On top of that, the curriculum for students has gotten so narrow that it has taken a lot of the creativity and individualization that once attracted the best of the best to the teaching profession. Susan J. Hobart is an example of one of those teachers who used to love doing her job because she was leaving her mark on her students, in a positive way. In Hobart’s article, she tells of a letter she received from one of her students prior to the NCLB Act. The letter explained that Hobart was â€Å"differen t than other teachers, in a good way. [They] didn’t learn just from a textbook; [they] experienced the topics by ‘jumping into the textbook.’ [They] got to construct a rainforest in [their] classroom, have a fancy lunch on the Queen Elizabeth II, and go on a safari through Africa† (3). The student goes on to explain that the style of teaching she experienced during that time is what she hopes she can do when she becomes a teacher too. Unfortunately, that student’s dream will most likely not come true because the fact is that when schools are placed on probation, like Hobart’s school, they â€Å"teach test-taking strategies similar to those taught in Stanley Kaplan prep courses †¦ and spend an inordinate amount of time showing students how to ‘bubble up’† (1). With all the time and energy being placed on teaching children to read and write, you would think that they would be proficient by the time they enroll in college, right? Wrong. â€Å"42 percent of community college freshmen and 20 percent of freshmen in four-year institutions enroll in at least one remedial course †¦ 35 percent were enrolled in math, 23 percent in writing, and 20 percent in reading,† according to the Alliance for Excellent Education (1). Scho ols are so reliant on the standardized tests in order to gauge how students are understanding material that they have slacked-off in other areas like teaching basic study skills and critical thinking skills. When most of these kids graduate from high school and enter into a college setting, especially the ones who need to take remedial courses to catch-up to where  they should be when they graduate, they’re taken completely off guard with the course load and they will either succeed in managing it or struggle for the first few semesters, but the majority will drop out without a degree (Alliance for Excellent Education 1). High school is meant to prepare students for higher education or to enter the workforce, but the government is spending millions of dollars in order to remediate students and doing what high school teachers were meant to do (Alliance for Excellent Education 3). So, who is to blame? The supporters of No Child Left Behind acknowledge that there are some faults to the Act, but those like Kati Haycock believes that â€Å"although NCLB isn’t perfect, the Bush administration and Congress did something important by passing it. They called on educators to embrace a new challenge – not just access for all, but achievement for all †¦ there are no more invisible kids† (1). Supporters feel as though benefits such as holding teachers accountable for all students, including those with disabilities, and weeding out the schools that have a long history of doing poorly outweighs the negatives and that with time, the NCLB Act can be reformed to work as efficiently as it was enacted to work. Ravitch disagrees, stating that â€Å"Washington has neither the knowledge nor the capacity to micromanage the nation’s schools† (3). We have to agree with her as concerned citizens and parents. While the NCLB Act meant well when it was passed, it’s time to acknowledge that the government has spent billions of dollars trying to improve the education of America’s youth, yet 10 years later American students are still falling behind the mark set by other industrialized nations and the 201 3-2014 school year is quickly coming upon us. Not only are we falling behind globally, but minorities are still struggling behind Caucasian students. The gap between Caucasian students and minority students, that was intended to close through the NCLB Act, has remained just as far apart. E.E. Miller Elementary School, located here in Fayetteville, NC, just released their annual report card to parents. The chart below shows the break-down of students who passed both the reading and math tests provided at the end of the 2010-2011 school year. African American children, Hispanic children, and children with disabilities are still lagging far behind their Caucasian peers. African American children passed at 49.4 percent, 25.5 percent of students with disabilities passed and Hispanic children passed at rate of  56.9 percent. Remember that the NCLB expects this school, along with every other school in the Nation, to be at 100 percent proficiency by the end of the 2013-2014 school year. Source: Education First NC School Report Cards, E. E. Miller Elementary: 2010-11 School Year, Public Schools of North Carolina State Board of Education, Web, 26 Oct. 2011. In order to put this chart more in perspective, below is the 3-year trend for E.E. Miller. [pic] Source: Education First NC School Report Cards, E. E. Miller Elementary: 2010-11 School Year, Public Schools of North Carolina State Board of Education, Web, 26 Oct. 2011. While math scores are steadily improving, reading scores (the solid line) are declining. E.E. Miller has been on probation for at least 3 years, having provided tutoring to children who were struggling last year. Even with those efforts, the end of the year test suggests those students are still struggling in reading. These mandates are not working. States are spending millions of dollars per year to fulfill all of the required obligations without any fruition. We need to put education spending back into the hands of the states with more substantial federal funding. The federal government cannot expect every public elementary school, middle school and high school in this nation to fix a problem that has been prevalent for many, many years with this one-size-fits-all approach to learning. It will not happen with No Child Left Behind, and it definitely will not happen by the end of the 2013-2014 school year. We can no longer sit and watch while students in America struggle to compete o n a global level in nearly all subjects. Teachers are not educating our nation’s students to think critically and to form their own ideas or opinions; instead, teachers in failing schools are stuck teaching a curriculum that directly corresponds to what is being tested, and we are failing to prepare them for higher education. The future citizens we are molding will be of no use to society if they cannot think for themselves, which will happen if they remain in the current system. We need to undo this one-size-fits-all curriculum and re-broaden our children’s education to include subjects that will teach them think outside the box. Works Cited Alliance for Excellence in Education. â€Å"Paying Double: Inadequate High Schools and Community College Remediation.† Issue Brief: August (2006). All4Ed.Org. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. Beveridge, Tina. No Child Left Behind and Fine Arts Classes. Arts Education Policy Review 111.1 (2010): 4. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. Chivvis, Dana. â€Å"Providence, RI, School Board Votes to Lay Off All Teachers.† AOL News (2011). Web. 28 Oct. 2011. Darling-Hammond, Lisa. â€Å"No Child Left Behind is a Bad Law.† Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 14 Oct. 2011. DeWeese, Tom. â€Å"Public Education is Failing.† Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 14 Oct. 2011. Education First NC School Report Cards. â€Å"E. E. Miller Elementary: 2010-11 School Year.† Public Schools of North Carolina State Board of Education. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. McKinney, Sueanne E., et al. â€Å"Addressing Urban High-Poverty School Teacher Attrition by Addressing Urban High-Poverty School Teacher Retention: Why Effective Teachers Persevere.† Educational Research and Review Vol. 3 (1) pp. 001-009 (2007). Academic Journals. Web. 28 Oct. 2011. Paige, Rod. â€Å"No Child Left Behind: A Parent’s Guide.† U.S. Department of Education (2002). PDF File. 28 Oct. 2011. Pascopella, Angela. Talking Details on NCLB. District Administration 43.7 (2007): 22. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Oct. 2011. Ravitch, Diane. Time to Kill No Child Left Behind. Education Digest 75.1 (2009): 4. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Oct. 2011.

Non Scheduled Maintenance On Computer Systems

Non Scheduled Maintenance On Computer Systems When talking about maintaining computers the programs used that come to mind are things like anti-viruses and other different updates for a system, these can be routine and non-routine checks and updates. When talking about routine checks it describes a program that has a set time or date to do maintenance whether it is every day, week or month the routine will stay the same. Non-routine is when the maintenance is performed manually and does not have a set time for an update. Routine maintenance on a computer is very important for the health of a computer as you could forget to do an update and it would do it anyway as it is routine. If using an anti-virus routinely it can delete anything that is slowing or hurting your system, non-routine is something like a disk defragmentation being done every few months by yourself, this is because a disk defrag isnt necessary say for example every week but needs to be done every once in a while non routine. If you have a good planned schedule fo r routine and non-routine maintenance on a system the computers health should be very good and it is recommended. In a business doing routine and none routine maintenance could help you by. Improving Tradesperson productivity, giving reduced direct labour costs Increasing Equipment Availability, due to better planning Increasing Equipment Reliability through the identification of repetitive faults Improving Stock control, giving reduced inventory levels and fewer stock outs Improving long-term reduction in Maintenance costs Improving Safety by providing detailed Standard job procedures Routine maintenance of your computer is a vital step in keeping your system running smoothly and efficiently. Problems ranging from not shutting down to screen freezes are most likely a result of poor maintenance, NOT hardware problems. Good computer preventive maintenance also includes keeping a written record of any repairs or changes to a computer. Its also good to write down when software is added or removed from a computer. This can help with any possible troubleshooting at a later date. Keep all your documentation for the computer in a safe place. Things like operating system CD and product keys, Software, manuals and driver disks and also Passwords to various programs and websites. . You can use many types of documentation to keep your maintenance up to date and these are just a few. Schedules chart Help you to plan out the tasks that need to be completed Give you a basis for scheduling when these tasks will be carried out Allow you to plan the allocation of resources needed to complete the project, (maintenance) Help you to work out the critical path for a project (maintenance) where you must complete it by a particular date. Gantt Charts The strength of the Gantt chart is its ability to display the status of each activity at a glance good for computer maintenance So there are lots more different ways to plan your computer maintenance you need to do this so you can keep track of it all and then you will not forget when it has been done and when the next time is needed. P3: You will be required to identify housekeeping procedures that need to be performed on computer systems on a regular basis P3 The first thing to do is invest in an efficient anti-virus system, if you havent bought one with the PC. This will help you keep your computer clean and tidy and virus free. Set up a good filing system on your machine so that you can retrieve information quickly. Do this with both your e-mail system and your off-line files. This is good house keeping. Regularly clear out the cookies, temporary internet files and internet history. They gradually accumulate and take up disk space unnecessarily. This is very good practise. Also From time to time clear out temp files. They show up with the file extension .TMP Periodically perform disk clean up and defrag to tidy up the way that information is stored on your drives Regularly make back-ups of your important files. An external hard drive is one to do it. You can then store it separately from your PC so that if anything happens to the PC you still have access to the data you use. clean inside you computer case get a can of compressed air from a good computer shop and a small face powder fluffy make up brush open your computer and carefully blow any dust away the has accumulated in side paying particular attention to the fans and the cooling system using the brush very lightly on any stubborn areas. This is worth doing to maintain your computer. P5 Practical M1: In your own words, explain why it is necessary for organisations to have policies and procedures to control the maintenance of computer systems. M1 Policies and procedures Organisations have policies for Protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction. And also maintenance of plant equipment can significantly reduce the overall cost, while boosting the productivity of the plant. The key success is the implementation of management of change, the use of engineering standards and proper work instruction and procedures as set by the equipment manufactures. An example could be a file naming policy/procedure might be in place when a member of staff names a file they might for example go to the shared drive on a sever create a folder in the customer name then name the file customer name brief description, date If everybody in the company does the same for anything there save, its going to make looking for files a lot easier than if everyone does their own thing..(increases productivity and maintains the optimal use of server hard drive space as files wont get duplicated.) Other policies may include things that computer users arent allowed to do for security reasons or staff productivity such as certain website blocks other policies may include a churn of equipment e.g. a company might say that it will renew its server every 3 years and its PCs/laptops every 4 years. A company cant afford to wait until it breaks to fix it. A company would have some sort of back-up procedure. Most will back up their server data every day and take the backup tape/disk off-site so they still have their data if theres fire/theft/malicious damage. Companies will have a procedure of what to do if a computer fails. They will usually have some sort of IT support contract in place or an in house IT guy/team all members of staff would be told what to do if they have a computer problem. Companies pay their staff to work not sit waiting for there PCs to be fixed so they want them fixed quickly within a guaranteed time scale. D1: Discuss the benefits and improvements to undertaking regular housekeeping procedures? D1 By doing regularly computer house keeping you will help speed up your computer a lot because cleaning your computer will keep it organized, virus free and running fast. One of the many ways of doing this could be upgrading your hardware with doing this you will be keeping up with all the latest updates keeping your computer to its max level. Cleaning and ventilation will also keep your computer running smooth. Computer maintenance, Cleaning the dust out. will Benefit things malfunctioning/over heating. Improvements: improves computer performance the fans on the processor and power supply need to be kept clean. If you smoke you need to clean fans more often because tar builds up on the fans. Defrag and cleanup your drive with increase efficiency of the drive and thereby cut drive access times. Disk clean up benefits: clears space improvements: speed ups pc Virus scan benefit: removes potential viruss improvements: keeps files/pc safe and working correct. Running anti viruss every week or so its just so your computer stays functional. And cleaning your hard drive also makes it stay fast (same as deleting viruss spyware etc.) So its a Good idea to maybe once a week to run an antivirus, spyware, malware scan then hard drive clean. Scanning and removing spyware and toolbars periodically is another good housekeeping tactic. They sap your computers resources and internet bandwidth. Back up your pc this will help you if something goes wrong or you accidently delete something backup can be a huge help if need be. Turn off properly, shut down when not in use and do not just turn the switch off dont just click the off button on your pc because this can damage files on your computer. Always go to start and turn of from there this is safe practise. Cleaning your Mouse Cleaning your Keyboard Cleaning your Monitor Surge Protection All these are good housekeeping tips to cleaning your mouse will allow you to work properly on your computer and the same goes for your keyboard always keep them nice and clean and free of dust. Reduce the number of programs that run in the background or on start up this will make your computer start up quicker.

Historic Preservation Districts Essays -- American History, Policies

Historic preservation districts. Introduction, Historic preservation is a planning device that has been around since the twentieth century, the term came about in 1966. This policy was established to protect U.S. physical history, this history being geographic locations, and buildings that are of small or great importance to its city or region. â€Å"While historic preservation takes place at the local, state, and national levels, the putative goal in all cases is the preservation of properties with historical and/or aesthetic appeal that would otherwise be neglected or even demolished† (Coulson, 2004). The policy came from a good place, meaningfully wonting to preserve our history by deeming geographic locations and building to be historic, however the policy in some ways lost its luster not sticking to it true roots. A concise history of U.S Preservation Policy. â€Å"Historic preservation as a U.S policy began in the 1966 when Congress authorized the Department of War to maintain national landmarks†(Hamer, 2000). According to Benson (1998), â€Å"After the Civil War, the national parks system was established and made the Departments of War and Interior jointly administered all National Sites† (Benson 1998). Though a series of Federal legislative actions such as the 1935 Historic Sites Act, the 1949 National Trust for historic Preservation Act, where created to promote the cause nationwide. The 1966 National Historic Preservation Act, set the stage for comprehensive programs in the 1970s. There was a national response to historic preservation as a result of the Tax Reform Act of 1976, which forced Americans to look at their social and economic priorities. Historic preservation defined. Historic preservation policy can be defined acc... ...ves, and goals to make them more compatible with modern urban planning and real estate development. Conclusion and my thoughts. Historic districts have evolved from the preserving a single house at a time, to the preserving of districts and neighborhoods. This practice eventually led up to the comprehensive application of the discipline. Historic Preservation came from a special place, a place that helps us to remember our history. As I did my research I could not help but notice that the multiplication of historic districts since 1966 has caused this discipline to lose its grass roots advocacy. In the years following 1966 the concept moved from an outstanding, and non-typical idea towards the idea that it should showcase the representative and the typical. Moreover, the idea of historic preservation still works but not in the original intended way.